GKE Platform Security

This reference covers platform-level security hardening and cluster configuration for Google Kubernetes Engine (GKE). For workload-level security controls (such as Workload Identity Service Account bindings, SecretProviderClass volume mounts, Network Policies, and Pod Security Standards), refer to the gke-workload-security skill.

MCP Tools: gke:get_cluster, k8s:check_k8s_auth, k8s:get_k8s_resource, k8s:apply_k8s_manifest, gke:update_cluster

Golden Path Security Defaults

Setting	Golden Path Value	Day-0/1	Notes
`workloadIdentityConfig.workloadPool`	`<PROJECT>.svc.id.goog`	Day-0	Workload Identity Federation for cluster pods
`secretManagerConfig.enabled`	`true`	Day-1	Google Secret Manager cluster add-on integration
`secretManagerConfig.rotationConfig`	`enabled: true, rotationInterval: 120s`	Day-1	Automatic secret rotation at the cluster level
`rbacBindingConfig.enableInsecureBindingSystemAuthenticated`	`false`	Day-0	Blocks legacy `system:authenticated` bindings
`rbacBindingConfig.enableInsecureBindingSystemUnauthenticated`	`false`	Day-0	Blocks legacy `system:unauthenticated` bindings
`nodeConfig.shieldedInstanceConfig.enableSecureBoot`	`true`	Day-0	Verifiable boot integrity
`nodeConfig.shieldedInstanceConfig.enableIntegrityMonitoring`	`true`	Day-0	Runtime integrity checks
`nodeConfig.workloadMetadataConfig.mode`	`GKE_METADATA`	Day-0	Blocks legacy metadata API, enforces Workload Identity
Private cluster + Dataplane V2 settings	See the `gke-networking` skill	Day-0	Private nodes, private endpoint enforcement, ADVANCED_DATAPATH

Secret Manager Add-on Enablement

The golden path enables Secret Manager at the cluster level with automatic secret rotation.

# Verify Secret Manager is enabled on cluster
gcloud container clusters describe <CLUSTER_NAME> --region <REGION> \
  --format="value(secretManagerConfig.enabled)" \
  --quiet

# Enable if not already (Day-1 change)
gcloud container clusters update <CLUSTER_NAME> --region <REGION> \
  --enable-secret-manager \
  --secret-manager-rotation-interval=120s \
  --quiet

Note: For configuring SecretProviderClass manifests and mounting secrets as volumes inside application deployments, see the gke-workload-security skill.

RBAC Hardening

The golden path disables insecure legacy RBAC bindings that grant broad access to system:authenticated and system:unauthenticated groups.

# Verify insecure bindings are disabled
gcloud container clusters describe <CLUSTER_NAME> --region <REGION> \
  --format="yaml(rbacBindingConfig)" \
  --quiet

Best practices for RBAC:

Use namespace-scoped Roles over cluster-wide ClusterRoles.
Bind to specific Groups or ServiceAccounts, never to system:authenticated or system:unauthenticated.
Audit permissions via MCP: k8s:check_k8s_auth(parent="...", verb="list", resourceType="pods", namespace="...") (or kubectl auth can-i --list --as=<user>).
Review bindings via MCP: k8s:get_k8s_resource(parent="...", resourceType="clusterrolebinding") (or kubectl get clusterrolebindings,rolebindings --all-namespaces).

See the gke-multitenancy skill for enterprise RBAC planning and https://docs.cloud.google.com/kubernetes-engine/docs/best-practices/rbac.md.txt

Binary Authorization

Not enabled in golden path by default but recommended for enforcing production image provenance across the cluster:

# Enable Binary Authorization
gcloud container clusters update <CLUSTER_NAME> --region <REGION> \
  --binauthz-evaluation-mode=PROJECT_SINGLETON_POLICY_ENFORCE \
  --quiet

Shielded Nodes & GKE Sandbox Enablement

Enabling verifiable node boot integrity and kernel isolation features at the cluster level:

# Enable Shielded Nodes on an existing cluster
gcloud container clusters update <CLUSTER_NAME> --region <REGION> \
  --enable-shielded-nodes \
  --quiet

# Enable GKE Sandbox (gVisor) runtime on an existing cluster
gcloud container clusters update <CLUSTER_NAME> --region <REGION> \
  --enable-gke-sandbox \
  --quiet

Note: To run workloads inside the gVisor sandbox, specify runtimeClassName: gvisor in your Pod specs as detailed in the gke-workload-security skill.

Common IAM Roles

The five most common predefined IAM roles for GKE platform and cluster access:

Role	Purpose	When to Use
`roles/container.admin`	Full control over	Platform team admins
: : clusters and : managing cluster :
: : Kubernetes : lifecycle :
: : resources : :
`roles/container.clusterAdmin`	Manage clusters but	Cluster operators
: : not project-level : who create/delete :
: : IAM : clusters :
`roles/container.developer`	Deploy workloads	Application
: : (pods, services, : developers deploying :
: : deployments) : to existing clusters :
`roles/container.viewer`	Read-only access to	Monitoring,
: : clusters and : auditing, or :
: : Kubernetes : read-only dashboards :
: : resources : :
`roles/container.clusterViewer`	List and get	CI/CD pipelines that
: : cluster details : need cluster :
: : only : metadata :

Principle of least privilege: Start with roles/container.viewer or roles/container.developer and escalate only as needed. Avoid granting roles/container.admin broadly across teams.

Service Accounts & Agents

GKE Service Agent (service-<PROJECT_NUMBER>@container-engine-robot.iam.gserviceaccount.com): Automatically created. Manages nodes, networking, and cluster operations on your behalf. Do not remove or modify its permissions.
Node Service Account: By default, nodes use the Compute Engine default service account. For production platforms, create a dedicated Google Service Account with minimal required permissions (roles/monitoring.metricWriter, roles/logging.logWriter) and assign it at node pool creation time.
Workload Identity: For binding Google Service Accounts to Kubernetes Service Accounts (roles/iam.workloadIdentityUser), refer to the gke-workload-security skill.

Cross-Service Authentication Patterns

Common project-level IAM policy binding patterns for granting backend Google Service Accounts (GSAs) access to external Google Cloud services before linking via Workload Identity:

# Grant a GSA access to Cloud Storage objects
gcloud projects add-iam-policy-binding <PROJECT_ID> \
  --member "serviceAccount:<GSA_NAME>@<PROJECT_ID>.iam.gserviceaccount.com" \
  --role "roles/storage.objectViewer" \
  --quiet

# Grant a GSA access to Cloud SQL databases
gcloud projects add-iam-policy-binding <PROJECT_ID> \
  --member "serviceAccount:<GSA_NAME>@<PROJECT_ID>.iam.gserviceaccount.com" \
  --role "roles/cloudsql.client" \
  --quiet

# Grant a GSA access to Pub/Sub subscriptions
gcloud projects add-iam-policy-binding <PROJECT_ID> \
  --member "serviceAccount:<GSA_NAME>@<PROJECT_ID>.iam.gserviceaccount.com" \
  --role "roles/pubsub.subscriber" \
  --quiet

## Resources

- [GKE Cluster Hardening Guide](https://cloud.google.com/kubernetes-engine/docs/how-to/hardening-your-cluster)
- [GKE RBAC Best Practices](https://cloud.google.com/kubernetes-engine/docs/best-practices/rbac)
- [Secret Manager Add-on for GKE](https://cloud.google.com/kubernetes-engine/docs/how-to/secret-manager)
- [Binary Authorization on GKE](https://cloud.google.com/binary-authorization/docs/getting-started-gke)
- [Shielded GKE Nodes](https://cloud.google.com/kubernetes-engine/docs/how-to/shielded-gke-nodes)
- [GKE Sandbox (gVisor)](https://cloud.google.com/kubernetes-engine/docs/concepts/sandbox)